YourJobs AI Vulnerability Index

A 0–100 composite score per U.S. occupation estimating short-term AI exposure. Higher scores mean more of the role's tasks are likely to be reshaped or replaced by current-generation AI within 5 years. The index synthesises three published studies — see methodology for the formula, sources, and limitations.

How to read this index

Each row is a US Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) detailed occupation. The AI Score column is the headline number — a 0-100 composite where higher means more exposed. The Band column groups scores into four interpretive tiers (Low 0-25, Moderate 26-50, High 51-75, Very High 76-100). Median wage, US employment, and projected growth come from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The On YourJobs column shows the count of currently active vacancies in our index for that occupation. Sort any column by clicking the header. The score is not a forecast of which jobs will be lost — it is a measurement of how much of the work could currently be done by AI given access.

Top 10 most AI-exposed occupations

The ten US occupations with the highest composite AI Vulnerability scores. These are roles where current-generation AI can already perform a substantial share of the typical task mix.

  1. Data Entry Keyers — score 90 (Very High), median wage $38,040.
  2. Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks — score 80 (Very High), median wage $47,440.
  3. Customer Service Representatives — score 78 (High), median wage $39,680.
  4. Fast Food and Counter Workers — score 75 (High), median wage $29,540.
  5. Loan Interviewers and Clerks — score 75 (High), median wage $47,010.
  6. Cashiers — score 71 (High), median wage $29,720.
  7. Computer User Support Specialists — score 70 (High), median wage $59,660.
  8. Secretaries and Administrative Assistants — score 68 (High), median wage $46,010.
  9. Office Clerks, General — score 65 (High), median wage $41,450.
  10. Accountants and Auditors — score 65 (High), median wage $79,880.

Top 10 most AI-resilient occupations

The ten US occupations with the lowest composite AI Vulnerability scores. These are roles dominated by physical interaction, accountable judgement under uncertainty, or interpersonal trust — domains where current AI capabilities fall short.

  1. Home Health and Personal Care Aides — score 9 (Low), median wage $30,180.
  2. Dental Hygienists — score 12 (Low), median wage $87,530.
  3. Physical Therapists — score 12 (Low), median wage $99,710.
  4. Special Education Teachers — score 14 (Low), median wage $65,910.
  5. Occupational Therapists — score 14 (Low), median wage $96,370.
  6. General Internal Medicine Physicians — score 15 (Low), median wage $224,170.
  7. Veterinarians — score 16 (Low), median wage $119,100.
  8. Speech-Language Pathologists — score 16 (Low), median wage $89,290.
  9. Nursing Assistants — score 17 (Low), median wage $38,130.
  10. Social and Human Service Assistants — score 18 (Low), median wage $41,410.

Score distribution

Across the 82 US occupations covered, the AI Vulnerability bands distribute as follows:

Low 35 Moderate 33 High 11 Very High 2
Number of US SOC detailed occupations in each AI Vulnerability band.
  • Low: 35 occupations
  • Moderate: 33 occupations
  • High: 11 occupations
  • Very High: 2 occupations

Full ranking table

Click any column header to sort. Click an occupation name to see live US vacancies for that role.

Occupation SOC Group AI Score Band Median Wage U.S. Employment Growth to 2032 On YourJobs
Data Entry Keyers Office and Admin 90 Very High $38,040 142,100 -25% 1,953
Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks Office and Admin 80 Very High $47,440 1,539,290 -6% 18
Customer Service Representatives Office and Admin 78 High $39,680 2,858,710 -5% 9,433
Fast Food and Counter Workers Food and Hospitality 75 High $29,540 4,055,700 +2% 4,452
Loan Interviewers and Clerks Office and Admin 75 High $47,010 213,400 +1% 73
Cashiers Sales and Retail 71 High $29,720 3,306,960 -10% 2,296
Computer User Support Specialists Computer and IT 70 High $59,660 905,800 +5% 69
Secretaries and Administrative Assistants Office and Admin 68 High $46,010 1,969,590 -10% 756
Office Clerks, General Office and Admin 65 High $41,450 2,480,950 -4% 4
Accountants and Auditors Business and Finance 65 High $79,880 1,538,200 +4% 1,002
Receptionists and Information Clerks Office and Admin 65 Medium-High $35,880 1,018,970 -2% 176
Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, and Weighers Manufacturing 60 High $45,380 624,400 -3% 135
Software Developers Computer and IT 56 Moderate $132,270 1,656,880 +25% 1,081
Network and Computer Systems Administrators Computer and IT 55 High $90,520 369,800 +2% 74
Sales Representatives, Services Sales and Retail 55 High $65,140 1,058,500 +4% 4,591
Light Truck Drivers Transportation and Logistics 52 Moderate $41,760 1,083,070 +5% 121,435
Packaging and Filling Machine Operators Manufacturing 51 Moderate $37,960 384,180 -1% 4
Human Resources Specialists Business and Finance 50 Moderate $67,650 868,400 +6% 24
Data Scientists Computer and IT 50 Moderate $108,020 168,900 +35% 295
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technicians Architecture and Engineering 50 Moderate $70,110 117,800 +2% 32
Pharmacy Technicians Healthcare 50 Moderate $40,300 461,200 +6% 2,026
Management Analysts Business and Finance 48 Moderate $95,290 994,400 +10% 208
Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers Transportation and Logistics 47 Moderate $54,320 2,126,230 +4% 83,620
Demonstrators and Product Promoters Sales and Retail 45 Moderate $32,720 84,500 0% 735
Industrial Truck and Tractor Operators Transportation and Logistics 44 Moderate $41,320 776,150 +1% 127
Assemblers and Fabricators Manufacturing 43 Moderate $39,610 1,690,840 -5% 131
Personal Financial Advisors Business and Finance 42 Moderate $99,580 330,300 +13% 102
Retail Salespersons Sales and Retail 39 Moderate $30,600 3,676,980 -2% 11,820
Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers Transportation and Logistics 38 Moderate $37,660 2,965,970 +4% 62,830
General and Operations Managers Management 38 Moderate $101,280 3,340,000 +4% 8,132
Machinists Manufacturing 36 Moderate $50,180 386,890 -1% 248
Mechanical Engineers Architecture and Engineering 35 Moderate $99,510 282,080 +10% 210
Food Service Managers Management 35 Moderate $63,060 343,900 0% 1,094
Electrical Engineers Architecture and Engineering 35 Moderate $109,010 191,800 +5% 624
Pharmacists Healthcare 35 Moderate $132,750 331,700 +3% 3,002
Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers Cleaning and Grounds 35 Moderate $37,360 906,300 +4% 0
Security Guards Protective Service 35 Moderate $34,770 1,085,500 +2% 122
Waiters and Waitresses Food and Hospitality 32 Moderate $31,940 2,237,310 -3% 1,086
Maintenance and Repair Workers, General Maintenance and Repair 32 Moderate $47,530 1,465,000 +2% 4,062
Managers, All Other Management 32 Moderate $88,450 365,100 +4% 2,064
Medical Assistants Healthcare Support 31 Moderate $42,000 743,500 +14% 3,143
Human Resources Managers Management 30 Moderate $130,000 174,200 +5% 109
Civil Engineers Architecture and Engineering 30 Moderate $95,890 339,000 +5% 55
First-Line Supervisors of Food Preparation and Serving Workers Food and Hospitality 30 Moderate $39,620 1,071,900 +2% 2,084
Welders, Cutters, Solderers, and Brazers Manufacturing 28 Low $48,940 431,490 +2% 123
Teaching Assistants Education 28 Moderate $33,730 1,376,600 +4% 123
Janitors and Cleaners Cleaning and Grounds 28 Moderate $33,450 2,168,200 +3% 259
Auto Service Technicians and Mechanics Maintenance and Repair 28 Moderate $47,770 766,400 +1% 812
Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel Engine Specialists Maintenance and Repair 25 Low $58,970 280,480 +3% 2,017
Farmers, Ranchers, and Other Agricultural Managers Management 25 Low $83,770 1,018,570 -4% 318
Dental Assistants Healthcare Support 25 Low $46,540 374,000 +7% 768
Construction Laborers Construction 25 Low $45,350 1,124,800 +4% 0
Bakers Manufacturing 25 Low $33,020 199,800 -1% 103
Radiologic Technologists Healthcare 24 Low $73,410 219,200 +6% 1,426
First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers Sales and Retail 24 Low $47,940 1,187,650 0% 16,202
Cooks, Restaurant Food and Hospitality 24 Low $35,780 1,432,050 +18% 4,299
Physician Assistants Healthcare 22 Low $130,020 148,580 +27% 2,781
Veterinary Technologists and Technicians Healthcare 22 Low $38,240 122,120 +21% 31
Medical and Health Services Managers Management 22 Low $110,680 484,100 +28% 640
Secondary School Teachers Education 22 Low $65,220 1,014,300 +1% 50
Licensed Practical and Vocational Nurses Healthcare 22 Low $54,620 657,200 +5% 14,315
Carpenters Construction 22 Low $56,350 750,300 +2% 6
Recreation Workers Personal Care 22 Low $32,750 384,200 +6% 36
Middle School Teachers Education 22 Low $64,290 632,900 +1% 0
Surgical Technologists Healthcare 21 Low $60,610 110,160 +5% 985
Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics Maintenance and Repair 21 Low $57,300 423,200 +6% 276
Electricians Construction 20 Low $60,240 712,600 +6% 514
Respiratory Therapists Healthcare 19 Low $77,960 132,190 +13% 4,734
Registered Nurses Healthcare 18 Low $86,070 3,175,390 +6% 73,514
Elementary School Teachers Education 18 Low $63,680 1,340,000 0% 0
Chefs and Head Cooks Food and Hospitality 18 Low $58,920 161,000 +5% 0
Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters Construction 18 Low $60,090 482,700 +2% 321
Social and Human Service Assistants Community and Social Service 18 Low $41,410 419,500 +9% 447
Nursing Assistants Healthcare Support 17 Low $38,130 1,369,190 +4% 5,257
Speech-Language Pathologists Healthcare 16 Low $89,290 168,190 +19% 3,560
Veterinarians Healthcare 16 Low $119,100 76,420 +20% 792
General Internal Medicine Physicians Healthcare 15 Low $224,170 75,500 +3% 70,924
Occupational Therapists Healthcare 14 Low $96,370 138,700 +11% 10,511
Special Education Teachers Education 14 Low $65,910 467,200 0% 2,431
Physical Therapists Healthcare 12 Low $99,710 250,250 +14% 15,680
Dental Hygienists Healthcare 12 Low $87,530 218,050 +9% 2,665
Home Health and Personal Care Aides Healthcare Support 9 Low $30,180 3,470,080 +22% 1,865

How often is this updated?

The composite scores are reviewed annually. Component weights and source data are revisited each January as new releases of the source studies become available. Active vacancy counts in the rightmost column refresh daily from our partner job feeds. The next planned methodology refresh incorporates the OpenAI/Penn 2026 update and the latest Anthropic Economic Index release.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS 2023, Employment Projections; composite from Frey & Osborne (2013), OpenAI/Penn (2023), Anthropic Economic Index (2024). Last updated: .